Resultados a corto y medio plazo de la reparación transcatéter de la válvula tricúspide: revisión sistemática y metanálisis de estudios observacionales / Early and mid-term outcomes of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Introducción y objetivos La insuficiencia tricuspídea (IT) se asocia con un peor pronóstico si no se corrige. Se han publicado recientemente numerosos estudios sobre reparación transcatéter de la válvula tricúspide (RTT) Métodos Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de estudios que publican datos clínicos de pacientes con IT significativa sometidos a RTT. Se evaluaron objetivos clínicos y ecocardiográficos a corto y medio plazo. Las razones de riesgo (RR) y las diferencias de medias (DM) se obtuvieron de la comparación de datos previos y posteriores a la intervención. Se hizo también un análisis de sensibilidad según el abordaje principal (reparación borde a borde frente a anuloplastia) Resultados Se incluyeron 19 estudios (todos observacionales o ensayos de un solo grupo) con un total de 991 pacientes sometidos a RTT sola. Las tasas de mortalidad e ictus a 30 días fueron del 2,8 y el 0,2% respectivamente. El análisis agrupado de efectos aleatorios mostró una reducción significativa de IT (RR=0,33; IC95%, 0,26-0,42; p <0,001), vena contracta (DM, 5,9mm; IC95%, 4-7,9; p <0,001), diámetro telediastólico del ventrículo derecho (DM, 3,5mm; IC95%, 2,5-4,5; p <0,001) y clase funcional de la NYHA 3 o 4 (RR=0,32; IC95%, 0,27-0,37; p <0,001) a los 30 días. Las complicaciones hemorrágicas y la IT residual al menos grave fueron numéricamente superiores en el grupo de anuloplastia percutánea en comparación con el grupo de reparación borde a borde (hemorragias, el 13,3 y el 2,8%; IT residual, el 40,4 y el 27,9%) Conclusiones En los 991 pacientes que formaron parte de la experiencia inicial de RTT, tras la intervención se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa del grado de IT grave o peor, una mala clase funcional (NYHA 3-4), la anchura de la vena contracta y el diámetro telediastólico del ventrículo derecho. Hasta ahora, el abordaje con reparación borde a borde parece tener un mejor perfil de seguridad (AU)

Introduction and objectives Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is associated with poor prognosis when left untreated, and a growing number of studies on transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVr) have been published over the last few months. Methods We performed a comprehensive systematic review of published literature providing clinical data on TTVr for patients with significant TR. Early and mid-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes were evaluated. Risk ratios (RR) or mean differences (MD) were obtained when comparing pre- and postprocedural data. A sensitivity analysis was also performed according to the main approach for repair (edge-to-edge vs annuloplasty). Results A total of 19 studies (all observational or single-arm trials) and 991 patients who underwent isolated TTVr were included. Thirty-day mortality and stroke rates were 2.8% and 0.2%, respectively. Pooled random-effects resulted in a significant reduction of ≥ severe TR (RR, 0.33; 95%CI, 0.26-0.42; P<.001), vena contracta width (MD, 5.9mm; 95%CI, 4-7.9; P <.001), right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (MD, 3.5mm; 95%CI, 2.5-4.5; P <.001), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV at last follow-up (RR, 0.32; 95%CI, 0.27-0.37; P <.001). Bleeding complications and residual ≥ severe TR were numerically higher in the annuloplasty-like group compared with edge-to-edge repair (13.3% vs 3.8% for bleeding and 40.4% vs 27.9% for residual severe TR). Conclusions Among 991 patients comprising the early experience for several TTVr devices, there was a statistically significant reduction in ≥ severe TR, NYHA class III-IV, vena contracta width and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter after TTVr. Thus far, the edge-to-edge approach seems to be associated with a better safety profile (AU)

Early and mid-term outcomes of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is associated with poor prognosis when left untreated, and a growing number of studies on transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVr) have been published over the last few months. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive systematic review of published literature providing clinical data on TTVr for patients with significant TR. Early and mid-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes were evaluated. Risk ratios (RR) or mean differences (MD) were obtained when comparing pre- and postprocedural data. A sensitivity analysis was also performed according to the main approach for repair (edge-to-edge vs annuloplasty). RESULTS: A total of 19 studies (all observational or single-arm trials) and 991 patients who underwent isolated TTVr were included. Thirty-day mortality and stroke rates were 2.8% and 0.2%, respectively. Pooled random-effects resulted in a significant reduction of ≥ severe TR (RR, 0.33; 95%CI, 0.26-0.42; P < .001), vena contracta width (MD, 5.9mm; 95%CI, 4-7.9; P <.001), right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (MD, 3.5mm; 95%CI, 2.5-4.5; P <.001), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV at last follow-up (RR, 0.32; 95%CI, 0.27-0.37; P <.001). Bleeding complications and residual ≥ severe TR were numerically higher in the annuloplasty-like group compared with edge-to-edge repair (13.3% vs 3.8% for bleeding and 40.4% vs 27.9% for residual severe TR). CONCLUSIONS: Among 991 patients comprising the early experience for several TTVr devices, there was a statistically significant reduction in ≥ severe TR, NYHA class III-IV, vena contracta width and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter after TTVr. Thus far, the edge-to-edge approach seems to be associated with a better safety profile.

First colombian tricuspid endovascular valve in valve using kissing balloon technique for failed bioprosthesis annular cracking / El primer caso colombiano de reemplazo percutáneo válvula en válvula tricúspide utilizando la técnica de kissing balloon con fractura anular por falla bioprostética

Abstract We present the first case in Colombia of tricuspid endovascular valve in valve for failed bioprosthesis in a 40 years old patient with very high operative risk with great results, proposing kissing balloon annulus cracking technique as a practical solution for the colombian specialists.

Resumen Se presenta el primer caso en Colombia de un reemplazo percutáneo tipo válvula en válvula por falla de bioprótesis tricúspide en un paciente de 40 años con un muy alto riesgo quirúrgico, con excelentes resultados, proponiendo la técnica kissing balloon de fractura anular como una solución práctica para los especialistas colombianos.

El sistema TriClip para la reparación transcatéter de la válvula tricúspide. Estudio multicéntrico español / The TriClip system for edge-to-edge transcatheter tricuspid valve repair. A Spanish multicenter study

Introducción y objetivos En pacientes con insuficiencia tricuspídea (IT), la reparación transcatéter de la válvula tricúspide (RTVT) mediante el uso de dispositivos «borde a borde» ha experimentado un creciente uso en todo el mundo. Recientemente se ha puesto a disposición un sistema dedicado de RTVT borde a borde. El presente artículo describe la experiencia inicial con este sistema en España. Métodos Estudio multicéntrico prospectivo que incluyen los centros aceptados para el uso del novedoso sistema. Entre junio de 2020 y marzo de 2021 se incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a una RTVT con el sistema TriClip en España. El criterio de valoración principal fue la consecución de una reducción de la IT de al menos 1 grado al alta hospitalaria. Resultados Se incluyó a un total de 34 pacientes. La mayoría de ellos refería antecedentes de fibrilación auricular (91%). El objetivo primario se alcanzó en todos los pacientes. La mayoría requirieron uno (47%) o dos clips (44%), con un claro predominio del dispositivo XT (87%) sobre NT (13%). La localización del primer clip fue principalmente anteroseptal (> 90%). Solo un paciente presentó un desprendimiento parcial que pudo ser estabilizado con clips adicionales en el mismo procedimiento. Al alta, la gravedad de la IT fue de grado 2 en el 91% de los pacientes. A los 3 meses, no se detectó ninguna muerte. Al seguimiento, el 88% de los pacientes se encontraban en clase funcional New York Heart Association 2 y el 80% presentaban IT grado 2 residual. Conclusiones La RTVT borde a borde pareció ser eficaz y segura con una reducción sostenida de la IT a los 3 meses. Serán necesarios más estudios para confirmar estos resultados (AU)

Introduction and objectives In patients with tricuspid regurgitation (TR), edge-to-edge transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) is the strategy with the highest penetration worldwide. A dedicated edge-to-edge TTVR system has recently become available in Europe. The present study describes the initial experience with the system in Spain. Methods This multicenter study collected individual data from the centers accepted for the use of the novel system within an initial limited release. Between June 2020 and March 2021, all patients undergoing an edge-to-edge TTVR using the TriClip system in Spain were included in the study. The primary endpoint was the achievement of a TR reduction of at least 1 grade at discharge. Results We included 34 patients. Most of them reported a previous history of atrial fibrillation (91%) and only 1 had a pacemaker lead. The primary endpoint (TR reduction of at least 1 grade at discharge) was met in all patients. Most of the patients required 1 (47%) or 2 clips (44%) with a clear predominance of XT (87%) over NT (13%). The location of the first clip was anteroseptal in >90% of the patients. Only 1 patient had a partial detachment, which was stabilized with additional clips in the same procedure. At discharge, TR severity was≤2 in 91% of patients. At 3 months, mortality was nil. Overall, 88% of patients were in New York Heart Association functional class≤2 and 80% had residual TR≤2. Conclusions Edge-to-edge TTVR seemed to be effective and safe with a sustained TR reduction at 3 months. Further studies will be needed to confirm our findings (AU)

First Colombian tricuspid endovascular valve in valve using kissing balloon technique for failed bioprosthesis annular cracking / Primer valve in valve tricúspideo en Colombia usando la técnica Kissing Balloon para ruptura anular de la bioprótesis deteriorada

Abstract We present the first case in Colombia of tricuspid endovascular valve in valve for failed bioprosthesis in a 40-year-old patient with very high operative risk with great results, proposing kissing balloon annulus cracking technique as a practical solution for the Colombian specialists.

Resumen Presentamos el primer caso en Colombia de valve in valve tricúspideo para una bioprótesis deteriorada en una paciente de 40 años con muy alto riesgo quirúrgico con muy buenos resultados, y se propone la técnica de kissing balloon para ruptura anular como una solución practica para los especialistas en Colombia.

The TriClip system for edge-to-edge transcatheter tricuspid valve repair. A Spanish multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In patients with tricuspid regurgitation (TR), edge-to-edge transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) is the strategy with the highest penetration worldwide. A dedicated edge-to-edge TTVR system has recently become available in Europe. The present study describes the initial experience with the system in Spain. METHODS: This multicenter study collected individual data from the centers accepted for the use of the novel system within an initial limited release. Between June 2020 and March 2021, all patients undergoing an edge-to-edge TTVR using the TriClip system in Spain were included in the study. The primary endpoint was the achievement of a TR reduction of at least 1 grade at discharge. RESULTS: We included 34 patients. Most of them reported a previous history of atrial fibrillation (91%) and only 1 had a pacemaker lead. The primary endpoint (TR reduction of at least 1 grade at discharge) was met in all patients. Most of the patients required 1 (47%) or 2 clips (44%) with a clear predominance of XT (87%) over NT (13%). The location of the first clip was anteroseptal in >90% of the patients. Only 1 patient had a partial detachment, which was stabilized with additional clips in the same procedure. At discharge, TR severity was≤2 in 91% of patients. At 3 months, mortality was nil. Overall, 88% of patients were in New York Heart Association functional class≤2 and 80% had residual TR≤2. CONCLUSIONS: Edge-to-edge TTVR seemed to be effective and safe with a sustained TR reduction at 3 months. Further studies will be needed to confirm our findings.

Síndrome de Hedinger / Hedinger syndrome

Resumen La afectación cardíaca por tumor carcinoide (síndrome de Hedinger) sigue siendo una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad entre los pacientes con síndrome carcinoide y tumores neuroendocrinos metastásicos. El estudio de imagen inicial ante la sospecha clínica es el ecocardiograma transtorácico, el cual es importante para la detección temprana de la afectación cardíaca. La cirugía cardíaca, en casos apropiados, es la única terapia definitiva para el tumor carcinoide con afectación cardíaca y mejora los síntomas del paciente y la supervivencia. El tratamiento es complejo y multidisciplinario; el estado cardíaco, el síndrome hormonal y la carga tumoral son fundamentales para guiar el momento óptimo de la cirugía. Se presenta el caso de una paciente joven, con síndrome de Hedinger con afectación valvular tricúspide y pulmonar, quien recibió tratamiento quirúrgico y tuvo evolución exitosa.

Abstract Cardiac carcinoid tumor involvement (Hedinger's syndrome) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with carcinoid syndrome and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. The initial imaging study in case of clinical suspicion is the transthoracic echocardiogram, which is important for the early detection of cardiac involvement. Cardiac surgery, in appropriate cases, is the only definitive therapy for carcinoid tumor with cardiac involvement and improves patient symptoms and survival. Treatment is complex and multidisciplinary; cardiac status, hormonal syndrome, and tumor burden are essential to guide the optimal timing of surgery. The case of a young female patient with Hedinger's syndrome with tricuspid and pulmonary valve involvement, who received surgical treatment and had a successful evolution.

Rare diagnostics of Ebstein anomaly in an adult patient in Northern Rio de Janeiro / Diagnóstico raro da anomalia de Ebstein no norte do Rio de Janeiro em um paciente adulto

Ebstein anomaly is the fourth most frequent cyanotic heart disease in the neonatal period, and its clinical course is slow compared to other diseases, which in turn results in late diagnosis of this condition. We present a case of a 37-year-old man who complained of palpitation for about 5 years, twice a week, at rest, with prolonged duration and low systemic output. Auscultation revealed irregular heart rhythm characterized by extrasystoles with a tricuspid systolic murmur grade 5+/6 and worsening on inspiration. Clinical spectrum is variable and depends on the severity of defects and associated anatomical changes. In patients who have reached adulthood, symptoms usually present as progressive cyanosis, exercise intolerance, right heart failure, and arrhythmias. In Brazil, identification of this congenital disease usually occurs in a more adult phase, affecting the prognosis and survival of patients. (AU)

Anomalia de Ebstein é a quarta cardiopatia cianótica com maior frequência no período neonatal, cuja evolução clínica é lenta em comparação com outros tipos de doenças, o que, por sua vez, resulta no diagnóstico tardio. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 37 anos, com queixa de palpitações por cerca de cinco anos, duas vezes por semana, em repouso, com duração prolongada e com baixo débito sistêmico. A ausculta revelou ritmo cardíaco irregular por extra-sístoles com sopro sistólico na tricúspide, 5 + / 6 piora na inspiração. O espectro clínico é variável e ocorre de acordo com a gravidade dos defeitos e alterações anatômicas associadas. Pacientes que atingiram a idade adulta, os sintomas geralmente se apresentam como cianose progressiva, intolerância ao exercício, insuficiência cardíaca direita e arritmias. A realidade brasileira é que a identificação dessa doença congênita persiste em uma fase adulta, afetando o prognóstico e a sobrevida desses pacientes. (AU)

Endocarditis tricuspídea secundaria a infección asociada a catéter venoso central. Reporte de dos casos / Tricuspid endocarditis secondary to infection associated with a central venous catheter. Report of two cases

RESUMEN Se describen a dos pacientes portadores de catéteres intravasculares que desarrollaron una complicación grave como la endocarditis infecciosa secundaria a infección asociada al catéter. Estos pacientes tuvieron una buena resolución mediante antibioticoterapia y retiro del catéter infectado sin necesidad de llegar a cirugía cardiaca. Las infecciones asociadas al catéter vascular son complicaciones frecuentes en los portadores de catéteres vasculares que conllevan a posibles consecuencias graves como bacteriemia o fungemia pues funcionan como vía de entrada para gérmenes que pueden infectar un órgano noble predispuesto. Por lo tanto, el presente reporte de casos remarca la importancia de considerar a la endocarditis como una complicación latente en pacientes con riesgo infeccioso asociado a los catéteres intravasculares y cómo evitar el uso innecesario de un catéter venoso central.

ABSTRACT Two patients with intravascular catheters who developed a serious complication such as infective endocarditis secondary to catheter-associated infection are described. These patients had a good resolution through antibiotic therapy and removal of the infected catheter without the need for cardiac surgery. Infections associated with the vascular catheter are frequent complications in carriers of vascular catheters that lead to possible serious consequences such as bacteremia or fungemia since they function as an entry point for germs that can infect a predisposed noble organ. Therefore, the present case report highlights the importance of considering endocarditis as a latent complication in patients with infectious risk associated with intravascular catheters and how to avoid the unnecessary use of a central venous catheter.

Reemplazo valvular tricuspídeo: prótesis mecánica versus prótesis biológica: trabajo observacional-descriptivo / Tricuspide valve replacement: comparison of biological versus mechanical valve: a descriptive observational study

ANTECEDENTES: El reemplazo protésico de la válvula tricúspide es un procedimiento infrecuente, con elevada mortalidad y morbilidad operatoria, independientemente de la etiología de la insuficiencia tricuspídea. Persiste aún una discusión respecto al tipo de prótesis a utilizar, mecánica o biológica. OBJETIVO: Analizar nuestros resultados perioperatorios y alejados en el reemplazo valvular tricuspídeo, comparando ambos tipos de prótesis. MÉTODO: Revisión de la Base de Datos de nuestro Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular para el periodo enero 1991 - diciembre 2017. Identificados los pacientes con reemplazo valvular tricuspídeo (RVT); se revisaron los protocolos operatorios y los ecocardiogramas. La supervivencia se certificó a través del Registro Civil e Identificación de Chile. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 83 pacientes con RVT (76% mujeres), los que representaron el 0,7% del total de las cirugías con circulación extracorpórea y el 2,1% de las cirugías valvulares para el periodo en estudio. La edad promedio fue 49±16,5 años. Cuarenta y nueve casos (59%) correspondieron a reoperaciones y otros 49 tuvieron un procedimiento asociado. En 40 pacientes (48%) se utilizó una prótesis mecánica y en 43 (52%) una biológica. La mortalidad operatoria global fue 9,6% (8 pacientes, 4 con una prótesis mecánica y 4 con una biológica). El seguimiento se completó en el 100%, con un promedio de 7,1 años. Veintiocho pacientes fallecieron durante el seguimiento; la principal causa fue insuficiencia cardiaca. Así, la supervivencia a 5 años fue 70,3 ± 5,3% y a 10 años 58 ± 6,3%, sin diferencia significativa entre ambos tipos de prótesis. Siete pacientes se reoperaron durante el seguimiento (5 casos con prótesis biológica y 2 mecánica). CONCLUSIÓN: El RVT continúa siendo un procedimiento infrecuente, con mayor incidencia en mujeres, en la quinta década de la vida. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaba comorbilidad y había tenido cirugía cardiovascular previa. La mitad de estos recibió una prótesis mecánica y la otra, biológica. No hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos tipos de prótesis en cuanto a mortalidad operatoria, supervivencia alejada o reoperación.

BACKGROUND: Tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) is an uncommon surgical procedure, associated with high mortality and morbidity. The use of biological or mechanical prostheses in TVR has advantages and disadvantages and, therefore, there persists a debate regarding the choice of one or other type of prostheses. AIM: To analyze our operative and long-term surgical results, comparing both types of prosthetic valves. METHODS: The Data Base of the Cardiovascular Surgery Service was reviewed for the period between January 1991 and December 2017. 83 patients with TVR were identified, the operative notes and echocardiogram reports were analyzed. Survival was obtained from the Chilean Civil Identification Service. RESULTS: 83 patients (76% women) had TVR. They represented 0.7% of the total cases operated on with extracorporeal circulation and 2.1% of all valve disease cases, for the study period. Mean age was 49±16.5 years. 49 cases (59%) were reoperations and another 49 had an associated procedure. In 40 patients (48%) a mechanical prosthesis was used and in 43 (52%) a biological one was implanted. Operative mortality rate was 9.6% (8 patients, had a mechanical valve and the other 8, a biological one). Follow-up was 100% completed, with an average of 7.1 years. 28 patients died during follow-up; the main cause of death was heart failure. Five-year survival rate was 70.3 ± 5.3% and at 10 years it was 58 ± 6.3%, without significant difference the type of prostheses. Seven patients were re-operated during follow-up (5 cases corresponded to a biological prostheses and 2 to a mechanical one). CONCLUSION: TVR is still an infrequent surgical procedure, more commonly performed in women, on the fifth decade of life. Most patients presented comorbidities and had a previous cardiovascular surgical operation. Half of them received a mechanical prosthesis and half a biological one. There was no significant difference between both types of prostheses related to surgical mortality, long-term survival or reoperation.

Identificación de variante anatómica en la ablación exitosa de aleteo auricular típico luego de cirugía valvular: utilidad de la ecografía intracardiaca / Identification of an anatomical variant in the successful ablation of a typical atrial flutter after valve surgery: Usefulness of intracardiac echocardiography

Resumen Se hizo ablación tridimensional de aleteo auricular, dependiente del istmo cavotricuspídeo, en un paciente con cirugía previa de válvula tricúspide. El uso de ecocardiografía intracardiaca permitió identificar una estructura sacular en el aspecto septal del istmo. Después de la ablación en este punto, el aleteo terminó y se confirmó bloqueo bidireccional. Este reporte sugiere, además, que el miocardio auricular ligado al anillo valvular, sirve como vía de conducción crítica del aleteo auricular.

Abstract A three-dimensional ablation of an atrial flutter, dependent on the cavo-tricuspid isthmus, was performed on a patient with previous tricuspid valve surgery. The use of intracardiac echocardiography enabled a saccular structure to be identified in the septal aspect of the isthmus. After the ablation in this point, the flutter stopped and a two-directional block was confirmed. This report suggests, furthermore, that the atrial myocardium together with the valvular ring, serves as a critical conduction pathway of the atrial flutter.

Three-dimensional Tricuspid Area. A New Criterion to Improve Patient Selection for Annuloplasty in Tricuspid Regurgitation.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Late functional tricuspid regurgitation after rheumatic left-sided valve surgery is an important predictor of poor prognosis. This study investigated the usefulness and accuracy of 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography tricuspid area compared with conventional 2-dimensional diameter (2DD) for assessing significant tricuspid annulus dilatation, providing cutoff values that could be used in clinical practice to improve patient selection for surgery. METHODS: We prospectively included 109 patients with rheumatic heart disease in the absence of previous valve replacement. Tricuspid regurgitation was divided into 3 groups: mild, moderate, and severe. Optimal 3-dimensional area (3DA) and 2DD cutoff points for identification of significant tricuspid annulus dilatation were obtained and compared with current guideline thresholds. Predictive factors for 3DA dilatation were also assessed. RESULTS: Optimal cutoff points for both absolute and adjusted to body surface area (BSA) tricuspid annulus dilatation were identified (3DA: 10.4 cm2, 6.5 cm2/m2; 2DD: 35 mm, 21 mm/m2); 3DA/BSA had the best diagnostic performance (AUC=0.83). Three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography tricuspid area helped to reclassify surgical indication in 14% of patients with mild tricuspid regurgitation (95%CI, 1%-15%; P=.03) and 37% with moderate tricuspid regurgitation (95%CI, 22%-37%; P<.0001), whereas 3DA/BSA changed surgery criteria in cases of mild tricuspid regurgitation (17%; 95%CI, 3%-17%; P=.01) compared with 2DD/BSA. On multivariable analysis, right and left atrial volumes and basal right ventricle diameter were independently correlated with 3DA. CONCLUSIONS: The current 40 mm threshold underestimates tricuspid annulus dilatation. Although 21 mm/m2 seems to be a reasonable criterion, the combination with 3DA assessment improves patient selection for surgery.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la endocarditis mediante cirugía mínimamente invasiva / Surgical treatment of endocarditis using minimally invasive surgery

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación en el manejo quirúrgico de la endocarditis por técnica mínimamente invasiva (MICS). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, con toma retrospectiva de pacientes intervenidos por MICS para cirugía valvular con diagnóstico de endocarditis infecciosa entre enero de 2012 y agosto de 2015 en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín. Resultados: En 44 meses fueron llevados a cirugía por endocarditis 15 pacientes, el 93,3% de sexo masculino, edad promedio de 46,2 años, el 40% en clase funcional III y IV (clasificación de la New York Heart Association), 2 pacientes con embolización cerebral; 1 paciente requirió manejo hibrido coronario. Se realizaron 6 plastias y 8 reemplazos valvulares, con compromiso valvular mitral en 46,6%. El tiempo de circulación extracorpórea fue de 103 minutos. El promedio de elementos sanguíneos transfundido fue de 2,5 unidades de glóbulos rojos. No hubo casos de muerte en los primeros 30 días postoperatorios. No se reportaron infecciones del sitio quirúrgico, accidentes cerebrovasculares, fibrilación auricular ni marcapasos definitivo, así como tampoco reintervención por sangrado. Conclusiones: La cirugía valvular por minitoracotomía anterior derecha para el manejo de la endocarditis, es un procedimiento seguro y con buenos resultados en nuestro centro; además reafirma las ventajas de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva.

Abstract Objective: To describe the experience of the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación in the surgical management of endocarditis using a minimally invasive technique. Methodology: A descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted on a retrospective sample of patients intervened for valve surgery using a minimally invasive technique. The patients were diagnosed with infectious endocarditis between January 2012 and August 2015 in the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin. Results: A total of 15 patients had surgery due to endocarditis in the 44 months of the study. Most of them (93.3%) were male. The mean age was 46.2 years, and 40% were in functional Class III and IV (New York Heart Association classification). Two patients had cerebral embolisation, and one patient, 2 patients required hybrid coronary management. A total of 6 grafts and 8 valve replacements were performed, with mitral valve involvement in 46.6%. The mean extracorporeal circulation time was 103 minutes. The mean blood products transfused was 2.5 units of blood cells. There were no deaths in the first 30 days after the surgery. There were no reports of infections at the surgical site, cerebrovascular accidents, atrial fibrillation or definite pacemakers. Neither were there were any re-interventions due to bleeding. Conclusions: Valve surgery using a right anterior mini-thoracotomy for the management of endocarditis, is a safe procedures with good outcomes in this hospital. It also re-affirms the advantages of minimally invasive surgery.

Tricuspid valve endocarditis by histoplasma in immunocompetent patient / Endocarditis de válvula tricúspide por histoplasma en paciente inmunocompetente

Abstract: Fungal endocarditis is a rare entity reported from 0 to 2% in many series but, although not the only one, Candida is the etiologic agent with the highest incidence. Although cases of fungal endocarditis due histoplasmosis have been described in immunocompromised patients, in the case that we are presenting, the pathogen was found in the tricuspid valve of an inmune competent patient that received clinical and surgical treatment.

Resumen: La endocarditis fúngica es una entidad poco frecuente reportada entre el 0 a 2% en varias series y de ésta la Candida es el agente etiológico con mayor incidencia, pero no el único. Así se describe el caso de endocarditis fúngica debido a histoplasmosis que ha sido descrito en pacientes inmunocomprometidos, sin embargo, en este caso este patógeno fue encontrado en válvula tricúspide nativa de un paciente inmunocompetente que recibió tratamiento clínico y quirúrgico.

Insuficiencia tricuspídea: nuevas evidencias que revalorizan una valvulopatía olvidada / Tricuspid regurgitation: new evidence on a forgotten valve disease

La insuficiencia tricuspídea (IT) es la afección más frecuente de la válvula tricúspide, siendo en su mayoría secundaria a afecciones que determinan sobrecarga del ventrículo derecho y menos frecuentemente primaria, adquirida o congénita. En su forma leve se presenta con mucha frecuencia en sujetos sanos, siendo su evolución benigna. Existen formas moderadas y severas que, cualquiera sea su etiología, pueden constituirse en un problema de difícil resolución para el médico clínico. La ecocardiografía es la base de su diagnóstico y permite cuantificarla. El tratamiento médico es sintomático y fisiopatológico. En los últimos años se ha establecido la importancia de considerar la cirugía cuando se intervienen las válvulas izquierdas. Los resultados son favorables a la reparación en comparación con la sustitución valvular. Sin embargo, cuando existe una deformación anatómica primaria se opta por la sustitución con bioprótesis o con válvula mecánica. El ventrículo derecho puede llegar al daño miocárdico irreversible por sobrecarga crónica. La IT aumenta la mortalidad en forma significativa.

Tricuspid regurgitation is the most common pathology of the tricuspid valve. In the majority of cases it is secondary to diseases producing right ventricular overload. Less frequently it is primary, acquired or congenital. A mild tricuspid regurgitation is frequent in healthy people and has a benign course. There are moderate and severe forms, that regardless the etiology may constitute a clinical challenge for physicians. Diagnostic is based on echocardiography that also allows its quantification. Medical treatment is symptomatic and pathophysiologic. In the last years the importance of considering surgery while operating left valves was established. The results are auspicious to repair instead of replacement. Nevertheless, replacement with a bio prosthesis or a mechanical valve may be required if native tricuspid valve has organic damage. Chronic overload may damage the right ventricle in an irreversible way. Tricuspid regurgitation increases mortality significantly.

Ebstein's anomaly in children: a single-center study in Angola.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Ebstein's anomaly is a rare complex congenital heart defect of the tricuspid valve. We aimed to describe the frequency, clinical profile, and early and short-term post-operative results in patients under the age of 18 years operated for this anomaly in a tertiary center in Angola. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 37 months. We analyzed all patients diagnosed with congenital heart defects. RESULTS: Of the 1362 patients studied, eight (0.6%) had Ebstein's anomaly; six patients (75%) were female. Mean age was 69±59 months. Five patients were in NYHA functional class III or IV. Mean cardiothoracic index was 0.72. Seven patients (87.5%) had severe tricuspid regurgitation and five (62.5%) had another associated congenital heart defect. All patients were operated: two had complications and one (12.5%) died in the early post-operative period. The mean follow-up time was 1.22±0.6 years, and mortality during follow-up was 12.5% (n=1). At the end of the study, of the five patients in whom cone reconstruction was performed, four (80%) were in functional class I. Mean cardiothoracic index decreased to 0.64. Three patients had mild and two had moderate tricuspid regurgitation. The patient who underwent cone reconstruction and a Glenn procedure was in functional class I. CONCLUSION: The frequency of Ebstein's anomaly was similar to that in other centers. Cone reconstruction was viable in the majority of patients, with good early and short-term results.

Infective endocarditis in an HIV-infected intravenous drug user.

Infective endocarditis is a common complication among injecting drug users. Disease risk among these patients is increased by the spread of HIV infection. In the following article, we discuss the exceptional clinical presentation of a 28-year-old patient who used intravenous drugs (heroin) for 10 years, had been infected with HIV for seven years and as a complication had developed Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. The patient came to the hospital in serious condition, complaining of bodily pain, swelling of the legs and general weakness. During hospitalization, besides infective endocarditis, she was also diagnosed with anemia, toxic hepatitis, renal failure, ascites, sepsis, and pneumonia. A completely disrupted tricuspid valve, damaged aortic valve, and fibrosis of the mitral valve were detected. Echocardiographic and radiologic data showed that the patient's condition continued to deteriorate day by day, with significant progression of heart failure, ejection fraction decreasing from 45% to 10%, and development of myocarditis, hydrothorax and pericarditis. However, this progressive worsening of the patient's condition ceased when vancomycin was administered. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first such case described in the literature in which significant improvement was observed despite the patient's complex condition with associated complications.

Anomalía de Ebstein de la válvula tricúspide. A propósito de un caso / Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Report of a case

Introducción. La anomalía de Ebstein constituye menos del 1% de todas las cardiopatías congénitas. Consiste en el desplazamiento inferior de la válvula tricúspide anómala hacia el ventrículo derecho. Reporte: Paciente varón de 8 años de edad, procedente de Trujillo, con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Ebstein al mes de edad, que ingresa por emergencia presentando cianosis y dolor torácico. Interpretación: En la anomalía de Ebstein la gravedad de los síntomas y el grado de cianosis dependen del grado de desplazamiento de la válvula tricúspide. Los síntomas pueden ser leves o no aparecer hasta la adolescencia o la edad adulta.

Endocardite aórtica e tricúspide em pacientes de hemodiálise com embolia sistêmica e pulmonar / Aortic and tricuspid endocarditis in hemodialysis patient with systemic and pulmonary embolism

RESUMO Este artigo relata o caso de um homem caucasiano de 43 anos de idade com nefropatia terminal em tratamento com hemodiálise e apresentando endocardite infecciosa das válvulas aórtica e tricúspide. O quadro clínico foi dominado pelo comprometimento neurológico, devido à embolia cerebral e a componentes hemorrágicos. Uma tomografia computadorizada tóraco-abdominal revelou um êmbolo séptico pulmonar. O paciente foi submetido à antibioticoterapia empírica utilizando ceftriaxona, gentamicina e vancomicina, sendo o tratamento modificado para flucloxacilina e gentamicina após o isolamento de S. aureus nas hemoculturas. A equipe multidisciplinar determinou que o paciente deveria ser submetido à substituição de válvulas após estabilização da hemorragia intracraniana; contudo, no oitavo dia após a hospitalização, o paciente entrou em parada cardíaca causada por embolia séptica pulmonar maciça, vindo a falecer. Apesar do risco de agravamento da lesão hemorrágica cerebral, em pacientes de alto risco deveria ser considerado realizar precocemente uma intervenção cirúrgica.

ABSTRACT This is a case report of a 43-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease being treated with hemodialysis and infective endocarditis in the aortic and tricuspid valves. The clinical presentation was dominated by neurologic impairment with cerebral embolism and hemorrhagic components. A thoracoabdominal computerized tomography scan revealed septic pulmonary embolus. The patient underwent empirical antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and vancomycin, and the therapy was changed to flucloxacilin and gentamicin after the isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. The multidisciplinary team determined that the patient should undergo valve replacement after the stabilization of the intracranial hemorrhage; however, on the 8th day of hospitalization, the patient entered cardiac arrest due to a massive septic pulmonary embolism and died. Despite the risk of aggravation of the hemorrhagic cerebral lesion, early surgical intervention should be considered in high-risk patients.

Anomalía de Ebstein / Ebstein's anomaly

La anomalía de Ebstein es una cardiopatía congénita compleja, caracterizada por el adosamiento de los velos valvulares tricuspídeos posterior y septal al endocardio ventricular derecho, lo que condiciona el desplazamiento del orificio valvular hacia la porción apical del ventrículo derecho, dando por resultado una atrialización de dicho ventrículo. El primer caso reportado en la literatura data del año 1866 por el médico Wilhelm Ebstein. Las manifestaciones clínicas son muy variables; entre las más frecuentes destacan: cianosis progresiva, disnea, insuficiencia cardiaca, palpitaciones y arritmias. El abordaje del paciente debe incluir electrocardiograma, radiografía de tórax y ecocardiograma transtorácico, siendo este último el estándar de oro para establecer el diagnóstico. Únicamente aquellos pacientes que cumplan con los criterios establecidos deberán someterse a tratamiento quirúrgico. Dada la alta similitud de la anomalía de Ebstein con otras displasias de la válvula tricúspide, es fundamental llevar a cabo una evaluación multidisciplinaria para establecer un diagnóstico y tratamiento precisos.

Ebstein's anomaly is a congenital malformation that is characterized primarily by abnormalities of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle, specifically tethering of the posterior and septal tricuspid valve leaflets to the right ventricle endocardium resulting in an apical displacement of tricuspid ring. The first reported case dates back to 1866 by Wilhelm Ebstein. Clinical presentation varies among patients. The most common symptoms are: progressive cyanosis, exertional dyspnea, heart failure, palpitations and arrhythmias. Patient approach should include electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and transthoracic echocardiogram, the latter being the gold standard for diagnosis. Only those patients who meet established criteria will undergo surgical treatment. Given the high similarity of Ebstein's anomaly with other dysplasias of the tricuspid valve, it is essential to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation to establish an accurate diagnosis and treatment.